“Male／female, present／absent”are contrary terms.（)

in uk, the kin terms used for relatives do not distinguish between _____ relatives.

Questions下列各 are based on the following passage. A newstudy shows a large gender gap on
Questions下列各 are based on the following passage.
A newstudy shows a large gender gap on economic policy among the nations professional economists,a divide similar to the gender divide found in the general public.
"Asa group, we are pro-market," says Ann Marl May, co-author of the study anda University of Nebraska economist. "But women are more likely to acceptgovernment regulation and involvement in economic activity than our malecolleagues. "
"Itsvery puzzling," says free market economist Veronique de Rugy of the Mercatus Center at George Mason University. "Not a .day goes by that Idont ask myself why there are so few women economists on the free market side."
A nativeof France, de Rugy supported government intervention (干预) early in her life butchanged her mind after studying economics. "We want many of the samethings as liberals--less poverty, more health care--but have radicallydifferent ideas on how to achieve it. "
IAberaleconomist Dean Baker, co-founder of the Center for Economic Policy andResearch, says male economists have been on the inside of the profession,confirming each others antiregulation views. Women, as outsiders, "aremore likely to think independently or at least see people outside of theeconomics profession as forming their peer group," he says.
Thegender balance in economics is changing. One-third of economics doctorates (博士学位) now go to women."More diversity is needed at the table when pubflc policy isdiscussed," May says.
Economistsdo agree on some things. Female economists agree with men that Europe has toomuch regulation and that Wal-mart is good for society. Male economists agreewith their, female colleagues that military spending is too high.
Thegenders are most divorced from each other on the question of equality forwomen. Male economists overwhelmingly think the wage gap between men and womenis largely the result of indi~fluals skills, experience and voluntary choices.Female economists overwhelmingly disagree by a margin of 4-to-1.
Thebiggest disagreement: 76% of women say faculty opportunities in economics favormen. Male economists point the opposite way: 80% say women are favored or theprocess is neutral.
What is the finding of the new study？
A.The gender divide is a big concern of the general public.
B.Men and women understand economics quite differently.
C.The gap between male and female economists needs to be closed.
D.Male and female economists disagree widely on economic policy,


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The world of taxi drivers is dominated by men. But there is one small taxi company in Delhi，where all the drivers and passengers are female. Women’s safety is a hot topic in India at the moment, so it's proving a very popular service.
“When I’m on the road driving our taxi I feel very proud，because this is the first taxi service only for women,” says 31­year­old Shanti Sharma, who is one of eight female drivers with a taxi service called Cabs for Women by Women.
The last couple of months, since the rape and murder in the city of a college student travelling on a bus, have been particularly busy for her and her colleagues.
“After this case，our workload has increased so much,” says Sharma.“Women who used other cab services are also turning to us now.”
Most women in Delhi say they routinely face harassment(骚扰), and worse, especially on public transport.
Sharma, a single parent with three daughters, has been working as a taxi driver since 2011, when the service was first set up, and it has changed her life. This is the first time that she has earned enough—about 250 a month—to support her family.
Of course, she and the other female taxi drivers are completely outnumbered by male cabbies.“When I park somewhere there are always men there and inevitably five or six of them get together and hang out, ” she says.“I’m usually the only woman in the parking lot, so I just stay inside the car.”
It’s not much better when she is out on the road. Sharma says the male drivers give her a hard time.“As soon as they see a woman at the wheel they start honking(按喇叭) for no reason. They’ll try to overtake you. I’m always worrying about how to avoid getting hit by someone.”
The company behind Cabs for Women by Women, Sakha Consulting Wings, had a number of goals when it set up the service .It wanted to give women from poor backgrounds an opportunity to earn money. By putting women in charge of technologies, it also wanted to change people’s attitudes, and open up boundaries for women.
21、The taxi service Cabs for Women by Women _____.
A、is greatly needed at present in India
B、causes a hot debate in India
C、was set up in 2012
D、is free of charge for women
22、Why are women who used other cab services turning to Cabs for Women by Women？
A、Because it is cheap.
B、Because it is safe.
C、Because it is famous.
D、Because it is convenient.
23、What do we know about Sharma？
A、She is the first female taxi driver in Delhi.
B、She lives in harmony with her husband.
C、She has regretted becoming a taxi driver.
D、She has a better salary after becoming a taxi driver.
24、What is the main idea of the last paragraph？
A、The opportunities Cabs for Women by Women provides for women.
B、The main purposes of Cabs for Women by Women.
C、People’s attitudes towards Cabs for Women by Women.
D、The background information of Cabs for Women by Women.

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SmokingSince 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a
Smoking
Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy.
Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.
Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components from deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.
Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.
It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned

According to figures from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average weekly income for a woman in 1983 was $ 260. For the same year, men had average weekly earnings of $ 393. For some people, these figures are clear evidence that there is still sex discrimination in the area of pay in the U. S. However, I would argue that this explanation is too simple. In order to get an accurate picture of the situation, we must examine the types of jobs which are typically held by men and by women. When we do this, we find that certain occupations seem to be primarily female while others seem to be primarily male occupations. In the medical and legal professions, for example, statistics show that 85% of all doctors and lawyers are men (although this situation is changing). More than 90% of all engineers are men. Women, however, have been the majority for a long time in other occupations. For example, 99 out of every 100 secretaries are women, and 95% of all nurses are female. From these statistics, it is clear that women tend to enter certain occupations and not others. The occupations which they enter are often in service industries and often have one common feature: They do not pay well. It can be argued that this is the principal reason for the difference in earnings between men and women. In addition, we can expect the pay situation to change in the future, because more qualified women are beginning careers in medicine, law, business, scientific research, and engineering.
What jobs have typically been held by women？
A．Jobs as doctors and lawyers.
B．Jobs in service industries.
C．Jobs in areas without sex discrimination.
D．Jobs in areas where women are respected.

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Most large-scale, objective measures of men's roles show little change over the past decade, but men do feel now and then that their position is in question, their security is somewhat fragile. I believe they are right, for they sense a set of forces that lie deeper and are more powerful than the day-to-day negotiation and renegotiation of advantage among husbands and wives, fathers and children, or bosses and those who work for them. Men are troubled by this new situation.
The conditions we live in are different from those of any prior civilization, and they give less support to men's claims of superiority than perhaps any other historical era. When these conditions weaken that support, men can rely only on previous tradition, or their attempts to socialize their children, to shore up their faltering advantages. Such rhetoric is not likely to be successful against the new objective conditions and the claims of aggrieved women. Thus, men are correct when they feel they are losing some of their privileges, even if many continue to laugh at the women's liberation movement.
The new conditions can be listed concretely, but I shall also give you a theoretical formulation of the process. Concretely, because of the increased use of various mechanical gadgets and devices, fewer tasks require much strength. As to those that still require strength, most men cannot do them either. Women can now do more household tasks that men once felt only they could do, and still more tasks are done by repair specialists called in to do them. With the development of modern warfare, there are few, if any, important combat activities that only men can do. Women are much better educated than before.
With each passing year, psychological and sociological research reduces the areas in which men are reported to excel over women and discloses far more overlap in talents, so that even when males still seem to have an advantage, it is but a slight one. It is also becoming more widely understood that the posts in government and business are not best filled by the stereotypical aggressive male but by people, male or female, who are sensitive to others' needs, adept in obtaining cooperation, and skilled in social relations. Finally, in one sphere after another, the number of women who try. to achieve rises, and so does the number who succeed.
It can be inferred that' the main source of men's resistance to women's liberation is the feeling that ______.
A．women are now better educated
B．women can now hold executive positions
C．men are no longer indispensable
D．men are no longer superior

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Back in the 1 870 s，Charles Darwin’s cousin Francis Gahon wanted to define the face of a criminal．He assembled photographs of men convicted of heinous crimes and made a composite by lining them up on a single photographic plae The surprise：everybody liked the villain，including Gahonhimself．He reasoned that the villainous irregularities he supposed belonged to criminal faces had disappeared in the averaging process．In the next century，scientists began to show reliably thatfaces combined digitally on computers were likable--more so than the individual faces from which they were composed Although people clearly admire the long legs of Brazilian model Ana Hickmann or Dolly Parton’s breasts，in general humans like averages． Researchers confirmed that humans judge real faces by their differences or similarities from anorm．But they also found that the norm can change quickly．When researchers showed 1 64 peoplesets of 100 computer—generated faces representing a slow transition from male to female and from Japanese to Caucasian--it turned out that the test subjects’idea of what constitute an“average”face shifted depending on the first face they saw．When they were flashed a supermasculine face first，more faces on the spectrum impressed them，by contrast，as female The masculine face had，in effect，set a standard From then on，other faces had to be more masculine in order to rate as be longing to the gender．the study note a similar shift using a Scale of faces moving from surprise to 1‘disgust． The authors，who published their results in the journal Nature，conclude that in real life we al so quickly change our perception of the midpoint--what’s normal--depending on what we see We may not be aware that our judgment has changed；we simply see differently，says Michael Wel)ster，a psychologist at the University of Nevada in Reno and coauthor of the study． One implication is that individual and social attitudes toward what’s acceptable，and what’s beautiful，change over time “If you look at plastic—surgery trends”，in the 1950s and 1960s you saw little upturned noses，notes Harvard psychologist Nancy Etcoff，author of the book Survival of the Prettiest：The Science of beauty．“Now the noses are broader and the lips are plumper．We’re seeing images from around the globe and its changing our idea of the average”So if you’re unhappy with some aspect of your face，take comfort：beauty，is a moving target．
Francis Gahon’s test shows that________．
A．people prefer average faces to those with conspicuous features
B．sometimes evil persons have more attractive appearance
C．it is hard to distinguish between criminals and ordinary people
D．the result of trying to read faces is a shock to average people

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In capsule hotels, each guest stays in a small sleeping space called capsule. It measures about 2 meters in length and 1 meter in both width and height.

In capsule hotels, each guest stays in a small sleeping space called capsule. It measures about 2 meters in length and 1 meter in both width and height.

It is a type of hotel first developed in Japan intended to provide cheap, basic overnight accommodation for guests who do not require the services offered by traditional hotels. Facilities differ, but most include a television and wireless internet connection. There are many buttons in the capsule. One turns on the light, one turns on the TV, one controls the channels. There is a radio and an alarm clock built in. The open end of the capsule can be closed, for privacy, with a curtain or a fiber glass door. Luggage is stored in a locker、 Clothes and shoes are sometimes exchanged for a Yukawa and slippers on entry. Washrooms are communal. Guests are asked not to smoke or eat in the capsules. Some hotels also provide restaurants (or at least vending machines), pools, and other entertainment facilities. Capsules are used primarily by men. Some capsule hotels offer separate sections for male and female guests.

The benefits of these hotels are convenience and price, usually around？ 2000—4000 (USD 25—50) a night. They provide a place for those who may be too drunk to return home safely.

About 30% at the Capsule Hote1 were unemployed or underemployed and were the month. It was first offered to salary men who had missed the last train

also popular with travelers from all over the world. There for it’s going

Popularity.

26、 The space of each capsule id quite ()

A、large

B、capacious

C、limited

27、 Most capsules are not equipped with ()in the small sleeping space.

A、a TV

B、washrooms

C、wireless Internet connection

28、Capsule hotels were first developed in ().

A、Japan

B、China

C、UK

29、The benefits of these hotels do not include()

A、convenience

B、comfort

C、price

30、The writer has a () attitude towards capsule hotels.

A、positive

B、negative

C、neutral

Before the 1970s, college students were treated as children. So many colleges ran in loco parentis system. " In loco parentis" is a Latin term, meaning " in the place of a parent. " It describes when someone else accepts responsibility to act in the interests of a child. This idea developed long ago in British common law to define the responsibility of, teachers toward their students. For years, American courts upheld in loco parentis in cases such as Gott versus Berea College in 1913. Gott owned a restaurant off campus. Berea threatened to expel students who ate at places not owned by the school. The Kentucky high court decided that in loco parentis justified that rule. In loco parentis meant that male and female college students usually had to live in separate buildings. Women had to be back at their dorms by ten or eleven on school nights. But in the 1960s, students began to protest rules and restrictions like these. At the same time, courts began to support students who were being punished for political and social dissent. In 1960, Alabama State College expelled six students who took part in a civil rights demonstration. They sued the school and won. After that, it became harder and harder to defend in loco parentis. At that time, students were not considered adults until 21. Then, in 1971, the 24th amendment to the Constitution set the voting age at eighteen. So in loco parentis no longer really applied. Slowly, colleges began to treat students not as children, but as adults. Students came to be seen as consumers of educational services. Gary Dickstein, an assistant vice president at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, says in loco parentis is not really gone. It just looks different. Todays parents, he says, are often heavily involved in students lives. They are known as "helicopter parents". They always seem to hover over their children. Gary Dickstein says these parents are likely to question decisions, especially about safety issues and grades. They want to make sure their financial investment is not being wasted.
Before the 1970s, many colleges ran in loco parentis system because______.
A．they could take the place of the students" parents
B．parents asked them to do it for the interests of their children
C．this was a tradition established by British colleges
D．college students were regarded as too young to be treated as adults

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British psychologists have found evidence of a link between excessive Internet use and depression, a research has shown.
Leeds University researchers, writing in the Psychopathology journal, said a small proportion of Internet users were classed as Internet addicts and that people in this group were more likely to be depressed than non-addicted users.
The article on the relationship between excessive Internet use and depression, a questionnaire-based study of 1,319 young people and adults, used data gathered from respondents to links placed on UK-based social networking sites.
The respondents answered questions about how much time they spent on the Internet and what they used it for; they also completed the Beck Depression Inventory--a series of questions designed to measure the severity of depression.
The six-page report, by the university's Institute of Psychological Sciences, said 18 of the people who completed the questionnaire were Internet addicts.
"Our research indicates that excessive Internet use is associated with depression, but what we don't know is which comes flint--are depressed people drawn to the Internet or does the Internet cause depression？" the article's lead author, Dr.Catriona Morrison, said. "What is clear is that, for a small part of people, excessive use of the Internet could be a warning signal for depressive tendencies."
The age range of all respondents was between 16 and 51 years, with a mean age of 21.24. The mean age of the 18 Internet addicts, 13 of whom were male and five female, was 18.3 years. By comparing the scale of depression within this group to that within a group of 18 non-addicted Internet users, researchers found the Internet addicts had a higher incidence of moderate to severe depression than non-addicts. They also discovered that addicts spent proportionately more time browsing sexually pleasing websites, online gaming sites and online communities.
"This study reinforces the public speculation (推测) that over-engaging in websites that serve to replace normal social function might be linked to psychological disorders like depression and addiction," Morrison said. "We now need to consider the wider societal implications of this relationship and establish clearly the effects of excessive Internet use on mental health."
Internet addicts are people who______.
A．use the Internet more than enough
B．feel depressed when using the Internet
C．seldom connect to the Internet
D．feel depressed without the Internet