Howmuchsleepdoesapersonneed？【31】thephysiologicalbasesoftheneedforsleepremain

第1题

How much sleep does a person need？【31】the physiological bases of the need for sleep remain conjectural (猜想), rendering conclusive answers to this question impossible, much evidence has been gathered on how much sleep people do in fact obtain. Perhaps the most important conclusion to be【32】from this evidence is【33】there is great variability among individuals in total sleep time. For adults,【34】between six and nine hours of sleep as a nightly average is not unusual, and 7.5 hours probably best expresses the norm. Such norms, of course, forms inevitably vary with the criteria of sleep employed, The most【35】and reliable figures on sleep time, including those cited here, come from studies in sleep laboratories, where EEG criteria are employed.
【36】consistently has been associated with the varying amount, quality, and pattern of electrophysiologically defined sleep. The newborn infant may spend an average of about 16 hours of each 24-hour period in sleep,【37】the sleep time drops sharply; by two years of age, it may【38】from nine to 12 hours. Decreases to approximately six hours have been observed among the elderly.
【39】will be discussed from below, EEG sleep studies have indicated that sleep can be considered to consist of several different stages. Developmental changes in the relative proportion of sleep time【40】in these sleep stages are as striking as age-related changes in total sleep time.
(31)
A．As
B．Despite
C．While
D．Whether

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第2题

Is that 6 a.m. wokeout getting in the way of good sleep？ Don't think your fat cells won't notice. A new study published in The Annals of Internal Medicine (a medical journal) finds that inadequate shut-eye has a harmful effect on fat cells, reducing their ability to respond to insulin (胰岛素) by about 30 percent. Over the long-term, this decreased response could set the stage for type-2 diabetes (a medical condition in which someone has too much sugar in his or her blood), fatty liver disease and weight gain.
The study adds to a growing body of evidence that there' “an intimate relationship between the amount of sleep we get and our ability to maintain a good, healthy body weight,” says sleep expert Helene Emsellem, director of the Center for Sleep and Wake Disorders in Chevy Chase, Maryland. But Americans don't seem to be getting the message that we need seven to nine hours par night. More than 1 in 5 of us, according to a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is getting six or fewer hours of sleep per night, on average.
So how did researchers study fat cells in the Annals paper？ Matthew Brady of the University of Chicago and a group of colleagues selected and persuaded seven volunteers to take part in the research project. They were all young, thin and healthy and agreed to sleep for eight nights in a sleep lab. “For four nights they were allowed to stay in bed for 8.5 hours a night,” says Brady. Then, a month later, they came back for four additional nights——but this time they were allowed just 4.5 hours of sleep per night. And after each visit, researchers got a sample of their fat. Brady explains that the fat cells responded significantly to the loss of sleep. “I was very surprised to be honest,” he says.
Bad things can happen when fat cells become less responsive to insulin. “Fat cells are actually your friend,” he says. “They're there to store lipids (血脂).” When lipids stay inside the cells, your body can utilize the fat when you're exercising or sleeping or going about your day. “However, when fat cells stare to become insulin resistant, the lipids star to leach out of the fat cells and rise in the bloodstream,” Brady says.
1. According to the passage, lack of sleep for a long while can probably lead to all of the following EXCEPT {A; B; C}.
A. heart disease
B. weight gain
C. diabetes
2. The main idea of the third paragraph is {A; B; C}.
A. how to write a medical research paper
B. how to avoid sleep loss
C. how the research was conducted
3. What does the “leach” in the last paragraph probably mean？{A; B; C}
A. Leap.
B. Lead.
C. Leak.
4. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage？{A; B; C}
A. We will be in trouble if our fat cells become less responsive to insulin.
B. More and more studies are done to study the link between sleep and weight.
C. More than 20% of Americans are not getting enough sleep.
5. Which of the following is an appropriate title for this passage？{A; B; C}
A. Poor Sleep May Lead to Too Much Stored Fat and Disease
B. Sleep Experts Had Exciting Findings in a Fat Study
C. Americans Should Have More Than Six Hours of Sleep

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第3题

—________________.
— It costs us ten thousand dollars.

A、How many does the printing of the annual report cost.

B、What does the printing of the annual report make.

C、How much does the printing of the annual report cost.

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第4题

Xiaoyan: I have most of the things I need.We don' t need to buy any rice, and we don't need any peas.
Mary: We need some oranges.How many do we need to buy？
Xiaoyan: Four are enough.And we need some cream.
Mary: How much cream do we need to buy for four people？
Xiaoyan: Two cartons？ Shall we get a melon and some wine？ And 1 haven' t got any coffee.
Mary: OK.And lychees.Two tins？
Xiaoyan: How many lychees do you get in a tin？
Mary: 1 don' t know.Let' s get a big tin.We also need some mineral water.
Xiaoyan: And the prawns.How many prawns？
Mary: One big packet will do.I also need to get some vegetables for next week potatoes, carrots, onions, and a cabbage 1 think.There' s a little greengrocer's along the road.Why don't we go there first？
1、How many oranges does Xiaoyan want to buy？ ()
A.One.
B.A kilo.
C.Four.
2、Do they need any cream？ ()
A.Yes, they do.
B.No , they don't.
C.The text does not tell us
3、How many prawns do they want to buy？ ()
A.A packet.
B.Two packets.
C.Three packets.
4、Who would like to have some vegetables？ ()
A.Xiaoyan.
B.Mary
C.Shopkeeper.
5、Which is not included (包括) in the shopping list？ ()
A.Rice and peas.
B.Potatoes and coffee.
C.Melons and wine.

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第5题

选词填空：It's our guilty pleasure: Watching TV is the most common everyday activity, after work and sleep, in many parts of the world

　　Question 37 to 46 are based on the following passage.

　　It's our guilty pleasure: Watching TV is the most common everyday activity, after work and sleep, in many parts of the world. Americans view five hours of TV each day, and while we know that spending so much time sitting(37)_____ can lead to obesity(肥胖症)and other disease, researchers have now quantified just how(38)_____ being a couch potato can be.

　　In an analysis of data from eight large(39)_____ published studies, a Harvard-led group reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that for every two hours per day spent channel(40)_____, the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes(糖尿病)rose 20% over 8.5 years, the risk of heart disease increased 15% over a(41)_____, and the odds of dying prematurely(42)_____ 13% during a seven-year follow-up. All of these(43)_____ are linked to a lack of physical exercise. But compared with other sedentary(久坐的)activities, like knitting, viewing TV may be especially(44)_____ at promoting unhealthy habits. For one, the sheer number of hours we pass watching TV dwarfs the time we spend on anything else. And other studies have found that watching ads for beer and popcorn may make you more likely to(45)_____ them.

　　Even so, the authors admit that they didn't compare different sedentary activities to(46)_____ whether TV watching was linked to a greater risk of diabetes, heart disease or early death compared with, say, reading.

　　A.climbed

　　B.consume

　　C.decade

　　D.determine

　　E.effective

　　F.harmful

　　G.outcomes

　　H.passively

　　I.previously

　　J.resume

　　K.suffered

　　L.surfing

　　M.term

　　N.terminals

　　O.twisting

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第6题

听力原文：M: Hello, professor Johnson.W: Hello, Tony. So what shall we work on today？M: Wel
听力原文：M: Hello, professor Johnson.
W: Hello, Tony. So what shall we work on today？
M: Well, the problem is that this writing assignment isn't coming out right. What I thought I was writing on was to talk about what a particular sport means to me when I participate in.
W: What sport did you choose？
M: I decided to write about cross-country skiing.
W: What are you going to say about skiing？
M: That's the problem. I thought I would write about how peaceful it is to be out in the country.
W: So why is that a problem？
M: I'd like to start describing how quiet it is to be out in the woods. I keep mentioning how much effort it takes to keep going. Cross-country skiing isn't as easy as some people think. It takes a lot of energy, but that's not part of my paper, so I guess I should leave it out. But now I don't know how to explain that feeling of peacefulness without explaining how hard you have to work for it. It all fits together. It's not like just sitting down somewhere and watching the clouds roll by. That's different.
W: Then you'll have to include that in your point. The peacefulness of cross-country skiing is the kind you earn by effort. Why leave that out？ Part of your point you knew beforehand, but part you discovered as you wrote. That's common, right？
M: Yeah, I guess so.
Questions:
19. What is the topic of the man's writing assignment？
20. What problem does the man have while working on his paper？
21. What does the woman say is common in writing papers？
(20)
A．Beautiful scenery in the countryside.
B．Dangers of cross-country skiing.
C．Pain and pleasure in sports.
D．A sport he participates in.

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第7题

What do we mean by a perfect English pronunciation？ In one【C1】______there are as many different kinds of English as there are speakers of it.【C2】______two speakers speak in exactly the same【C3】______We can always hear differences【C4】______them, and the pronunciation of English【C5】______a great deal in different geographical【C6】______. How do we decide what sort of English to use as a【C7】______？ This is not a question that can be【C8】______in the same way for all foreign learners of English.【C9】______you live in a part of the world【C10】______India or West Africa, where there is a long【C11】______of speaking English for general communication purposes, you should【C12】______to acquire a good variety of the pronunciation of this area. It would be a【C13】______in these circumstances to use as a model BBC English or【C14】______of the sort. On the other hand, if you live in a country【C15】______there is no traditional use of English, you must take【C16】______your model some form. of【C17】______English pronunciation. It does not【C18】______very much which form. you choose. The most【C19】______way is to take as your model the sort of English you can【C20】______most often.
【C1】
A．meaning
B．sense
C．case
D．situation

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第8题

The widespread practice of “burning the candle at both ends”has created so much sleep deprivation that what is really abnormal sleepiness is now almost the norm.（英译中)

请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！

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第9题

A．Sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busy.B．They need more sl

A．Sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busy.
B．They need more sleep to feel ideally vigorous.
C．To sleep is something one can do at any time of the day.
D．Less sleep does harm to their health.

请帮忙给出正确答案和分析，谢谢！

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第10题

According to Dr. David, Americans ______.A．are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of
According to Dr. David, Americans ______.
A．are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life
B．often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit
C．do not know how to relax themselves properly
D．can get by on 6. 5 hours of sleep

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第11题

听力原文：W：Hello，Parkson college．May I help you？M：Yes．I'm looking for information on cours
听力原文：W：Hello，Parkson college．May I help you？
M：Yes．I'm looking for information on courses in computer programming．I would need it for the fourth semester．
W：Do you want a day or evening course？
M：Well，it would have to be an evening course since I work during the day．
W：Aha．Have you taken any courses in data processing？
M：No．
W：Oh．Well，data processing is a course you have to take before you can take computer programming．
M：Oh，I see．Well，when is it given？ I hope it's not on Thursdays．
W：Well，there's a class that meets on Monday evenings at seven．
M：Just once a week？
W：Yes．But that's almost three hours from seven to nine forty-five．
M：Oh．Well，that's all right．I could manage that．How many weeks does the course last？
W：Mmmm，let me see．Twelve weeks．You start the first week in September，and finish…，oh，just before Christmas，December 21st．
M：And how much is the course？
W：That's three hundred dollars including the necessary computer time．
M：Aha．Okay．Ah，where do I go to register？
W：Registration is on the second and third of September．between 6 and 9 in Frost Hall．
M：Is that the round building behind the parking lot？
W：Yes．That's the one．
M：Oh，I know how to get there．Is there anything that I should bring with me？
W：No，just your checkbook．
M：Well，thank you so much．
W：You are very welcome. Bye!
M：Bye!
Question 19．Why does the man choose to take an evening course？
Question 20．What does the man have to do before taking the course of computer programming？
Question 21．What do we learn about the schedule of the evening course？
Question 22．What does the man want to know at the end of the conversation？
(23)
A．He prefers the smaller evening classes.
B．He has signed up for a day course.
C．He has to work during the day.
D．He finds the evening course cheaper.

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